1. 동명사의 형태

① 1음절어로 단모음 + 단자음으로 끝날 때.

* swim → swimming. run → running.

② 2음절어로서 후 강세어 (자음 하나 더)

* prefer → preferring.  omit -- omitting

③ -ie + ing → -ying. lie → lying. die → dying.

④ 기타: 어미가 c로 끝나는 단어가 [k]로 발음될 경우→k를 쓴 뒤에 ing.

어미가 발음되지 않는 e로 끝난 단어는 e를 생략하고 ing.

* mimic → mimicking. picnic → picnicking.

   smoke → smoking. decide → deciding.

◇예외: be → being. see → seeing.

            dye[dai] → dyeing. ; 염색하다.

2. 동명사의 기능: 동사의 성질, 명사적 역할.


동사의 원형에 ~ing가 붙어서 명사의 구실을 하는 것이 동명사이다. 따라서,

동명사는 주어, 목적어, 보어 등이 될 수 있다. 한편, 동명사는 동사 본래의

특성도 가지고 있어서 완료형과 수동태를 만들 수 있고 부사, 목적어, 보어를

수반할 수도 있다.  

1) 명사적 역할

① 주어자리.

* Seeing is believing.

            (백 번 듣는 것보다는 한번 보는 것이 낫다.) 

* Making much money is not the end aim of life.

* It is very pleasant walking in the country. (진주어)

② 명사보어자리. (주어 = 명사보어)

*  My hobby is collecting stamps.                           

            (나의 취미는 우표를 수집하는 일이다.)      

* He is collecting stamps. (현재분사)

* It is throwing your money away.

(그것은 돈을 버리는 일이다. 즉, 쓸데없는 낭비다.)

③ 목적어자리.

   a. 타동사의 목적어

              * I like reading a biography.                                
 

               (나는 전기를 읽는 것을 좋아한다.)
 

             b. 전치사의 목적어
 

              * I am fond of fishing.
 

              (나는 낚시를 좋아한다.) 

* I don't like playing baseball.

* I found it unpleasant walking in the rain.

* Thank you for your answering so promptly.

△동사 answering은 전치사 for의 목적어이며(명사적 성질), 그리고

so promptly에 의해 수식(동사적 성질)되고 있다. 또 your가 동명사

앞에 있다.

2) 동사적 특성

  ① 완료형을 만들 수 있다.
 

      He denied having taken it out of the room.
 

      (= He denied that he had taken it out of room.)
 

      (그는 방에서 그것을 가지고 나간 일이 없다고 말했다.)

  ② 수동태를 취할 수 있다.
 

      I don't like being asked questions.
 

      (나는 질문 받는 일을 좋아하지 않는다.)

  ③ 부사, 목적어, 보어 등을 수반할 수 있다.
 

      We don't like his coming with us. (부사구 수반)
 

      (우리는 그가 우리와 함께 가는 것을 원치 않는다.)
 

      She is proud of her son's being clever. (보어 수반)
 

3. 동명사와 현재분사의 구별

* a  sleeping car = a car for sleeping. (침대차) : 동명사

   a sleeping  child = a child who is sleeping. : 현재분사

◇동명사로 쓰이면 목적이나 용도 ∼하기 위하여, 현재분사는 상태나 동

작으로 ∼하고 있는...

◇동사원형 + ing + 명사에서 목적(∼하기 위하여)으로 번역하여 문맥이

통하면 동명사이며 상태나 동작으로 통하면 현재분사이다.

4. 동명사의 의미상의 주어

* That she come here was surprising.

= For her to come here was surprising. (부정사구문)

= Her coming here was surprising. (동명사구문)

◇동명사의 의미상 주어가 명사일 땐 소유격이나 목적격 모두 가능.

의미상의 주어가 무생물이면 일방적으로 목적격. 동명사의 의미상의

주어가 일반인을 나타낼 땐 의미상의 주어를 생략.

* Studying English is no easy task. (의미상의 주어 생략 - 일반인)

* He insist that he should attend the party.

= He insist on (upon) attending the party. (his를 생략)

◇ insist는 주장하다의 뜻이므로 that∼ 에서는 반드시 should + 동사

원형을 쓰며 접속사 that은 생략, on이나 upon을 쓴 뒤 he는 본주어

와 같으므로 attending을 씀.

◇동명사 attending의 의미상 주어가 생략되었다는 것은 본주어와 같다.

* He insist that Tom should attend the party. (복문)

= He insist on (upon) Tom('s) attending the party. (단문)

→ that 생략, on 또는 upon을 쓴 뒤 that 다음의 주어가 본주어와 다르므로

Tom을 Tom's 또는 Tom 등으로 고친 뒤 조동사 should 생략.

5. 동명사의 시제

* 형태.

| 원형동사| 단순동명사 | 단순수동동명사 | 완료형동명사 | 완료형수동동명사     |

| be         | being         | 無                     | having been  | 無(자동사이므로)     |

| write      | writing        | being written    | having written| having been written |

| make     | making       | being made     | having made | having been made   |

| 본동사의 시제와 동일                            | 본동사보다 하나 더 과거시제             |

* He is proud that he is a poet. (복문)

= He is proud of being a poet. (단문)

◇접속사 that을 생략하고 of를 쓸 것. that∼의 주어 he는 본 주어와

같으므로 생략.

◇미래동작을 의미하는 형용사, 동사, 명사 등의 다음에 오는 that절에

미래시제가 오고 본동사가 현재시제일지라도 단순동명사를 사용.

* There is no hope that of his succeeding.

→ There is no hope that he will succeed.

◇ remember, forget 등의 다음에는 완료형 동명사 대신 단순동명사를

사용할 것, remember 다음에 부정사가 오면 미래시제를 쓴다.

* I remember that I saw her.

= I remember having seen her. (×)

= I remember seeing her. (○)

* I am sure of his being a man of ability.

(나는 그가 유능한 사람임을 확신한다; 시제는 본동사와 일치)

= I am sure that he is a man of ability.

* I am sure of his having been a man of ability in his youth.

(나는 그가 젊었을 때는 유능한 사람이었다고 확신한다; 동명사의

완료형, 시제가 본동사보다 하나 앞선다.)

= I am sure that he was a man of ability in his youth.

* I don't like being asked to make a speech.

(나는 연설 부탁을 받는 것을 싫어한다; being asked는 수동태)

* I never heard of such a thing having been done.

(나는 그런 일이 이루어졌다고는 들어보지 못했다.)

= I never heard that such a thing had been done.

6. 동명사와 부정사

①동사의 특성에 따라 어떤 동사는 동명사만을 혹은 어떤 동사는 부정사

만을 목적어로 취한다.

ⓐ동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.

: mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, finish, escape, admit, consider,

deny, postpone, practice 등...

△ I finished writing my composition.

ⓑ부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사.

: wish, hope, care, choose, expect, refuse, decide, mean, plan 등...

△ I hope to see you again.

②동명사와 부정사를 모두 목적어로 취하나 의미가 달라지는 동사.

ⓐ remember, forget + ∼ ing: 과거의 일.

remember, forget + 부정사: 미래의 일.

* I remember to see him. (만날 것)

I remember seeing him. (만난 것)

* I forget posting the letter. (나는 편지 부쳤던 일을 잊고 있다.)

Don't forget to post the letter. (편지 부칠 것을 잊지 마세요.)

ⓑ stop + 동명사 : ∼하는 것을 그만두다.

stop + 부정사 : ∼하기 위해 가던 길을 멈추다.

* I stopped smoking.

I stopped to smoke.

ⓒ try + 동명사 : 시험 삼아 ∼하다.

try + 부정사 : ∼하려고 시도하다.

* He tried moving the piano.(그는 시험 삼아 피아노를 옮겼다; 옮김)

He tried to move the piano. (그는 피아노를 옮기려고 시도했다; 옮기지 않음)

ⓓ go on + 동명사 : 계속해서 ∼하다.

go on + 부정사 : 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.

* He went on talking about his accident.

(그는 줄 곧 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)

He went on to talk about his accident.

(그는 잠시 쉬었다가 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)

7. There is no + ∼ ing: ∼을 할 수 없다.

* There is no knowing what may happen.

= It is impossible to know what may happen.

= We cannot know what may happen.

= 무슨 일이 일어날지 알 수 없다.

* There is no trusting him.

= It is impossible to trust him.

= We cannot trust him.

8. It is no use + ∼ ing : ∼해도 소용없다.

* It is no use(good) crying over spilt milk.

= It is ..of no use ..to cry over spilt milk.

          (=useless)

= There is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.

= What is the use (the point) of crying over spilt milk?

9. of one's own + ∼ ing : 자기가 직접 ∼하는

* This is a picture of my own painting.

which I have painted myself.

(which is) painted by myself. (p.p + by oneself)

10. It goes without saying that health is above wealth.

It is needless to say

It is a matter of course

It is not too much to say

= 건강이 부보다 중요하다는 것은 두말할 필요가 없다.

11. cannot help ∼ing : ∼하지 않을 수 없다.

cannot but + 동사원형: ∼할 수  밖에 없다.

* I cannot help admiring his courage.

12. on + ∼ ing, in + ∼ ing

* on + ∼ ing = as soon as (when) + 주어 +동사:∼하자마자. ∼할 때.

   in + ∼ ing = when + 주어 + 동사: ∼할 때에는.

* As soon as he received the letter he turned pale.

= On (his) receiving the letter, he turned pale.

= He had no sooner received the letter than he turned pale.

               scarcely                                when

               hardly                                    before

= No sooner had he received the letter, than he turned pale.

   Scarcely                                             when

   Hardly                                                 before

13. cannot too: 아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다.

* We cannot be too careful when we choose friends.

= We cannot be too careful in choosing friends.

14. Want, Need + 능동동명사

* Want + 능동동명사 (○)

   Need 수동동명사 (×)

  Require 수동부정사 (○) → ∼을 필요로 한다. ∼을 해야 한다.

* His house needs being painted. (×)

wants painting. (○)

requires to be painted. (○)

15. 동명사의 관용적 용법 Ⅰ

① be busy with + 명사.

(in) + ∼ ing. : ∼하는데 분주하다. 바쁘다.

* I am busy with my task.

* She was busy (in) tidying up his desk.

② feel like + ∼ ing.

feel inclined + to do : ∼하고 싶은 생각이 나다.

* I feel like sleeping now.

= I feel inclined to sleep now.

    am disposed to

③ What do you say to + ∼ ing? : ∼하는 게 어때?

* Let's play baseball after lunch, shall we?

= How about playing baseball after lunch?

 = What about    〃                 〃

= What do you say to playing baseball after lunch.

= What do you think about playing baseball after lunch.

◇ Let's로 시작되는 부가의문문은 shall we?

④ be on the point of + ∼ ing: ∼하려는 찰라다, 막 ∼하려고 하다.

* He was on the point of being drowned.

on the verge of

on the brink of

on the edge of

= He was about to be drowned.

⑤ cannot ∼ without … ing: …않고 ∼하는 일을 없다.

cannot ∼ but …(S+V) : …하면 반드시 ∼하다.

* Whenever I met him, I think of his brother.

= I never meet him without thinking of his brother.

= I never meet him but I think of his brother.

= 그를 만날 때 마다 그의 동생이 생각나다.

⑥ be worth ∼ing

= be worth while + 동명사, 부정사

= be worthy of + 동명사, 명사

= ∼할만한 가치가 있다.

* This is worth while to read this book.

= It is worth while to read this book.

16. 관용적 용법 Ⅱ

① make a point of + ∼ ing : ∼을 규칙으로 하다.

* I make a point of getting up early.

= I am in the habit of getting up early.

= It is my rule to get up early.

= I make it a rule to get up early.

② come near + ∼ ing.

go near + ∼ ing.

nearly escape + ∼ ing. : 하마터면 ∼할 뻔하다.

* He came near being drowned.

③ not A but B = instead of + ∼ ing = not only A but also B

= besides + ∼ ing

in addition to

* She is not shy, but unsocial.

= Instead of being shy, she is unsocial.

* He is not only brave, but also wise.

= Besides being brave he is wise.

17. To + ∼ ing

① be opposed to

object to + ∼ ing : ∼을 반대하다.

have an objection to

* I am very much opposed to going there.

* Have you any objection to my wearing this suit?

② contribute to + ∼ ing : ∼에 공헌하다. 기여하다.

* He contributed to the growth of the city.

③ turn one's attention to + ∼ ing (명사) : ∼에 주의를 돌리다.

∼에 관심을 갖다.

* He did not turn his attention to making a fortune until he was forty.

(그는 40이 되고나서야 재산 모으는데 관심을 가졌다.)

④ with a view to + ∼ ing : ∼하기 위하여. (for the purpose)

* I study English with a view to going abroad.

⑤ be equal to + ∼ ing : ∼할 능력이 있다.

* I am equal to doing the task.

⑥ devote A to B(동명사)

dedicate : A를 B에 바치다.

* He devoted all his time to studying history.

⑦ be use to + ∼ ing.

be accustomed to + 동사원형(동명사) : ∼에 익숙하다.

* I am used to playing the piano.

= I am accustomed to playing (또는 play) the piano.

⑧ what do you say to + ∼ ing : ∼하는 게 어때?

* What do you say to playing tennis with me?

⑨ take to + ∼ ing : ∼에 빠지다, 정이 들다.

* He took to writing after he retired from the college.

⑩ look forward to + ∼ ing : ∼을 기대하다, 고대하다.

* I am looking forward to seeing you again.

① fall to + ∼ ing = begin to + 동사원형 : ∼을 시작하다.

* They fell to discussing the serious problem.

18. 동명사 구문의 문장 전환 Ⅰ

① insist that + 주어 + 동사 = insist on + ∼ ing: ∼을 주장하다.

* I insisted he should be invited to the party.

= I insisted on his being invited to the party.

② decide that + 주어 + 동사 = decide on + ∼ ing: ∼하기로 결정하다

* My father decided that I should marry her.

= My father decided on my marrying her.

③ hear, think, complain, know, dream + that + 주어 + 동사

= hear, think, complain, know, dream + of + ∼ ing

* I am glad to hear that you have succeeded.

= I am glad to hear of your having succeeded.

④ repent that + 주어 + 동사 = repent + (of) + ∼ ing.

* He repent that he was idle in his youth.

= He repents (of) having been idle in his youth.

⑤ suggest, deny, regret, like + that + 주어 + 동사

= suggest, deny, regret, like + ∼ ing. (타동사이므로 전치사×)

* I suggested that we should play tennis.

= I suggested our playing tennis.

19. 문장전환 Ⅱ

① be sorry that + 주어 + 동사 = be sorry for + ∼ ing

:∼에 대해 유감이다.(미안,감사,벌,꾸중 등을 나타낼 땐 이유전치사 for를 사용)

* I am sorry that I offended you.

= I am sorry for having offended you.

② scold, blame A for B: B 때문에 A를 꾸짖다. 나무라다.

* He scolded me that I had neglected my duty.

= He scolded me for having neglected my duty.

③ punish A for B: B 때문에 A를 벌주다.

④ be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + that + 주어 + 동사

= be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + of + ∼ ing

* I am glad that my brother passed the exam.

= I am glad of my brother having passed the exam.

⑤ be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + that + 주어 + 동사

= be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + of + ∼ ing

: ∼을 확신하다.

* I am sure that he will live to eight.

= I am sure of his living to eighty.

⑥ be aware (conscious) + that + 주어 + 동사

= be aware (conscious) + of + ∼ ing : ∼을 알다.

* He was conscious that the matter was important.

= He was conscious of the matter being important.

20. 동격명사절의 문장전환

◇주로 동격 명사절을 이끄는 문장.

* fact(사실), doubt(의심), evidence(증거), chance(기회), report(보

고), rumor(소문), proof(증거), hope(희망), news(소식), idea(생각),

certainty(확실), suggestion(제안), possibility = probability =

likelihood(가능성, 가망), conclusion(결론)

* The fact that he is honest is known to everybody.

= The fact of his being honest is known to everybody.

his honesty

◇동격명사절인 that∼는 주어나 목적어, 보어 등이 생략되지 않은 완

전한 문장.

21. 풀어 볼 문제...

①각 문장의 틀린 부분을 고쳐라.

ⓐ He insisted to go for a drive.

ⓑ The rain prevented me to go to the party.

ⓒ Are you sure of he will come?

ⓓ No one has ever succeeded to explain this phenomenon.

ⓔ Exercise strengthens instead of weakens the body.

ⓕ She came near to be drowned.

ⓖ I objected to be treated like that.

ⓗ I don't care running the risk.

ⓘ She devoted herself to look after him.

ⓙ You will have to speak a little louder. He is hard to hear.

ⓚ He is above to do such a mean thing.

ⓛ He regrets being not able to help me.

②다음 각 문항의 뜻의 차이를 말하여라.

ⓐ I hate lying.

I hate to lie.

ⓑ I like swimming.

I like to swim now.

ⓒ He is sure of success.

He is sure of to succeed.

③공란을 적당한 단어로 채워라

ⓐ This picture is ( ) her own painting.

ⓑ This book is ( ) reading intensively.

ⓒ The glass is very brittle; It wants ( ) with care.