1. 분사의 한정용법: 명사 앞이나 뒤에서 직접 수식.

①전위수식 (앞에서 수식)

* Who is the sleeping baby?

②후위수식.

* I received a latter written in English.

= I received a latter which was written in English.

2. 서술용법

①주격보어로 쓰일 때

* He sat reading the magazine. (현재분사: 능동의 관계)

* He remained satisfied with his salary. (과거분사: 수동의 관계)

②목적격보어로 쓰일 때

* I don't like to see you disappointed.

* I saw him crossing the street. (O.C)

* Of those invited only a few came to the party.

(◇분사가 대명사를 수식할 경우 단독일지라도 뒤에 놓인다.)

3. 분사의 비교

* 자동사의 현재분사 → 진행, ∼하고 있는.

자동사의 과거분사 → 완료나 상태, ∼한, ∼해버린.

* playing children = children who are playing.

fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen. (낙엽)

(타동사의 현재분사: 능동 또는 사역, ∼시키는, ∼하게 하는.

타동사의 과거분사: 수동의 뜻, ∼된, ∼당한, ∼받은.)

◇ an exciting game

= a game which excites the one. (열광적인 경기)

an excited spectator

= a spectator who is excited. (열광된 관중)

4. 분사의 기타용법

①의사분사: 명사의 어미에 -ed를 붙여서 과거분사의 형태로 "∼을 가지

고 있는" 의 뜻인 형용사로 쓰임.

* a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.

a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.

a blue-eyed girl = a girl who has blue eyes.

② 2형식동사 + 형용사(보어) → 형용사 + 현재분사.

* The rose smells sweet → the sweet-smelling rose. (향기 나는 장미)

* The wine tastes nice → the nice-tasting wine. (맛이 좋은 술)

주어 + be + p.p + by + 명사 → 명사 + p.p. + 주어.

* The fruit is dried by the sun. → the sun-dried fruit.(햇빛에 말린 과일)

* Citizens are struck by terror. → terror-stricken citizens. (공포에 질린 시민)

주어 + be + 부사 + p.p. → 부사 + p.p. + 주어.

* English is widely spoken. → widely-spoken English. (널리 쓰이는 영어)

* The worker is well trained. → the well-trained worker. (잘 훈련된 일꾼)

주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어 + 현재분사 + 주어.

* The drug kills pain. → the pain-killing drug. (진통제)

* The animals eat plants. → the plant-eating animals. (초식동물)

③부사로 사용되는 분사 ⇒ 매우(very)의 뜻.

* It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (매우 춥다)

* He got soaking wet. (그는 흠뻑 젖었다.)

④ the + 분사.

* They dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.

(죽어가는 사람들과 죽은 사람들이 들 것에 실려갔다.)

5. 분사의 시제

|           | 단순형분사(수동형)        | 완료형분사(완료형 수동분사)

| go      | going (無)                      | having gone (無; 자동사이므로)

| make  | making (being made)    | having made (having been made)

| write   | writing (being written)    | having written (having been written)

|           | 주절 동사의 시제와 같음 | 주절동사의 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제

* Living in the country I am very health.

= As I live in the country. I am very healthy.

* Living in the country, I was very healthy.

= As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.

* Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.

= As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.

* Having written my letter, I posted it.

= After I had written my letter, I posted it.

* While bathing in the river, he was drowned.

→ 분사구문의 뜻이 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해

해당 접속사를 분사구문 앞에 부가할 경우가 있다. 즉, Bathing in

the river를 As he bathed in the river로의 오역을  막기 위해 While

을 두었다.

6. 분사구문의 종류

①시간 (∼할 때)

* Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.

= While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.

* Left alone, I began to read.

= When I was left alone, I began to read.

②이유, 원인 (∼이므로)

* Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)

= As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.

* Tired, I went to bed early.

= As I was tired, I went to bed early.

③조건 (∼한다면)

* Turning to the right, you will find the house.

= If you turn to the right, you will find the house.

* Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.

= Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more ∼

④양보 (비록 ∼한다 할지라도)

* Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.

= Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.

* Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.

= Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ∼

⑤부대상황 (동시동작: while, as; ∼하면서)

* Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.

= While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.

* Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.

= I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.

* Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.

= As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.

⑥부대상황 (연속동작: ∼, and + 동사; 그리고 ∼하다)

* We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.

= We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.

7. 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 따로 있는 경우.

①때.

* The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.

= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.

②이유.

* It being fine, we went for a walk.

= As it was fine, we went for a walk.

③조건.

* We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.

= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.

④부대상황.

* He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.

= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.

(그는 책을 읽고 있었고, 그의 부인은 남편 옆에서 뜨게질을 하고 있었다.)

◇ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)

    Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)

8. Being, Having been의 생략.

: 형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략가능.

분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때 being이 본동사 시제보다

하나 더 과거시제일 땐 having been 생략.

* (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.

= As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.

* Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.

= When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.

* (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.

= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.

9. 분사의 강조용법

* As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.

= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.

◇분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do

를 사용, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.

◇ being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.

◇ ∼ing as it does 형.

* Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.

(저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)

(as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)

* I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.

(몇 년만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)

(occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)

10. 비인칭 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 we, you, they,

people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 땐 생략.

* Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.

= If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.

* Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.

= If we speak strictly, he is not an artist.

11. with + 목적어 + 분사 (부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.

① with + 목적어 + 현재분사. (목적어의 능동적 행동)

* He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.

= He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.

= He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.

* It was a misty morning, with little wind blowing.

= It was a misty morning and little wind was blowing.

(바람이 거의 불지 않는 안개 낀 아침이었다.)

→ 여기에서 with를 뺀다면 little wind blowing은 독립분사구문이다.

② with + 목적어 + 과거분사. (목적어의 수동적 행동)

* He stood there, and he closed his eyes.

= He stood there, closing his eyes.

= He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.

= He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).

= He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with 분사구문)

* With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.

(한 눈을 붕대 감고 있었으므로 나는 글을 잘 쓸 수 없었다.)

③ with + 목적어 + 부사(구)

* I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나버린다면)

* with his feet on the pillow. (두 다리를 베게 위에 올려 놓은 채)

with his head against a cushion. (머리를 방석 위에 기댄 채)

④ with + 목적어 + 형용사.

* Don't speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)

12. 문두에 나오는 주격보어

(Being을 보충하면 이유를 나타내는 분사구문이 된다.)

* Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.

= Being impatient of ∼

(더위를 참을 수 없어서, 그는 도시를 떠나 시골로 내려갔다.)

* A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.

= Being a man of ∼

(사교성이 풍부한 사람이었으므로, 그는 아는 사람이 많았다.)