1. 부사의 형태


①부사: 형용사 + ly.

* 형용사 + ly: slow → slowly. kind →kindly,    brave →bravely (용감하게)     

                     careful → carefully. beautiful →beautifully,

* -y + ly = ily - happy → happily.  heavy →heavily

* le + ly = ly - possible → possibly. idle →idly(게으르게),

                      noble →nobly(고결하게)

◇예외: sole → solely. whole → wholly.

* -ue + ly = uly , true → truly, due → duly.

* -ll + ly = -lly, full → fully.

* -ic + ly = ically , dramatic → dramatically.

◇예외: public → publicly.

②형용사와 같은 형태의 부사.

early, long, hard, enough, hear, well, ill, far 등...

* I get up early in the morning. (부사)

* The early bird catches the worm. (형용사)

2. 부사의 중복형

* Mr. Everest is very high. (형용사; 높은)

* He held his hand high. (부사; 높이)

* It is a highly a musing film. ( 부사; 매우, 대단히)

◇dear, cheap, hard, hear, late 등이 특히 중복되어 사용됨.

3. 부사의 기능

(1) 동사를 수식한다

American students work very hard.

(미국학생들은 매우 열심히 공부한다)

I've never been there.(나는 거기에 간 적이 없다)

(2) 형용사를 수식한다

It's very kind of you.(매우 친절하십니다)

That's too bad.(그것 참 안됐군요)

(3) 부사를 수식한다

I don't know him very well.

(나는 그를 아주 잘 알지 못한다)

Don't speak so fast.

(그렇게 빨리 말하지 마라)

(4) 명사를 수식한다

Even a child knows that.

(아이조차도 그것을 알고 있다)

(5) 구,절을 수식한다

The plane took off just at three.

(비행기가 정확히 3시에 이륙했다)

Do just as I say.(바로 내가 말한 대로 해라)

(6) 문장을 수식한다

Luckily the door was not locked.

(다행이 문이 잠겨져 있지 않았다)

(7) 앞 문장과의 연관을 나타낸다

It was late, so I went home.(늦었으므로 집으로 갔다)

He likes oysters, and I like them, too.

(그녀는 굴을 좋아하는데 나도 좋아한다)

"Will he come?" "Yes, I think he will."

(그는 옵니까? 네,오리라고 생각합니다)  

4. 부사의 위치

①양태부사 : (방법부사) 어떻게 (how)에 대한 답

; gladly, well, heartily, carefully

* He came immediately (자동사 + 양태부사)

* They speak well of him (능동태)

= He is well spoken of. (수동태)

* I well remember those happy days. (정상어순)

= Well do I remember those happy days. (도치구문)

②빈도부사 : (정도부사) how often에 대한 답으로 always, generally,

regularly, often, never, sometimes, seldom. 정도부사에는 nearly,

almost, still, barely 등이 있다.

△위치: 일반동사 앞, be동사 다음, 조동사와 본동사 사이에 온다.

△목적어가 명사일 때

put on your coat (O) : 타 + 부 + 목

put your coat on (O) : 타 + 목 + 부

△ 목적어가 대명사일 때

put on it (X)

put it on (O) : 타 + 목 + 부

△ 자동사 + 전치사는 하나의 타동사구로 쓰이므로 분리시킬 수 없음.

Look at the boy.

Look at him. (○)

Look him at. (×)

5. 부사어구의 배열 순서

① 시간 부사어구 : 작은 단위 + 큰 단위

장소 부사어구 : 작은 단위 + 큰 단위

* I'll call on you at seven o'clock next Sunday.

* We spent the holidays in a cottage is the morning.

② 장소 + 방법 + 시간부사

방법 + 장소 + 시간부사

짧은 부사구 + 긴 부사구

* He came to Korea by ship last year.

* She played beautiful at the concert last night.

* We arrived safely at the station.

6. 중요한 부사 용법

still + 본동사,   be동사 + still           

조동사 + still + 본동사 ,  still + 부정조동사   

* He is still standing. : 그는 아직도 서 있다.

He is standing still. : 그는 가만히 서 있다. (형)

* She still dislikes him.

He still doesn't like her.

* Only I can see him in the room.

I can only see him in the room.

I can see only him in the room.

I can see him only in the room.

◇ ago는 현재를 기준으로 지금부터 ∼전의 뜻이고 과거시제와 함께 쓰인다.

before는 과거기준으로 그 때보다 그 이전. 과거완료와 함께 쓰임.

before는 막연한 과거를 나타내어 현재완료와 쓸 수 있으나 ago는 현재완료

와 쓸 수 없음.

* He passed away three ago.

* He said that she had died three years before.

* I have seen this picture before.

* I have seen her a few days ago. (X)

7. very, much의 용법

* very : 형용사^. 부사 ,원 급 ,현재분사 수식

* much : 동사, 비교^. 최상급 ,과거분사 수식

* He breaks his words very often.

* I don't like beef much.

◇ 과거분사가 명사를 직접 수식하는 한정용법으로 쓰일 때와 동사로서의 성

격을 잃고 형용사적인 용법으로 쓰이고 있는 tired, pleased, delighted,

surprised, satisfied등인 경우에는 much대신 very를 사용.

* A very celebrated scholar presided at the meeting.

* She had a very annoyed look on her face.

* He was very tired with a long walk.

◇ 서술형용사인 afraid, alike, fond 등은 much로 수식.

* He is much ashamed of his behavior.

* He is the very best runner in our class.

* He is much the best runner in our class.

8. 부사의 비교급과  최상급

1) 부사도 형용사와 마찬가지로 원급, 비교급, 최상급을 만들지만

    부사의 최상급에는 the를 흔히 안 붙인다.

  ① -er, -est를 붙이는 것
 

     <원급>                    <비교급>                   <최상급>

     early                     earlier                    earliest

     soon                     sooner                   soonest

  ② 형용사에 -ly를 붙여서 만든 부사는 more, most를 붙여 비교급, 최상급을 만든다.
 

     <원급>                    <비교급>                   <최상급>

     easily                   more easily                most easily

     happily                 more happily              most happily

  ③ 불규칙적인 것
 

     <원급>                    <비교급>                   <최상급>

      well                      better                      best

      badly                   worse                     worst

      much                    more                      most

(2) 부사를 포함하는 비교 구문은 형용사를 포함하는 비교 구문과

    구문상의 성격이 비슷하다.

    She works as hard as he (does).
 

    (그녀는 그 사람만큼 열심히 일한다.)
 

    She speaks French as easily as she does English.
 

    (그녀는 영어만큼 불어도 유창하게 말한다.)
 

    I work best early in the morning.
 

    (나는 이른 아침에 일이 가장 잘 된다.)
 

    He came when we least expected him.                        
 

    (그가 오리라고는 기대하지 않던 참에 그가 왔다.)

 

9. 의문부사

* 직접의문문: 의문부사 + 동사 + 주어?

* 간접의문문: 의문부사 + 주어 + 동사? (부사절)

* Where does he live?

* I don't know + When should I do it?

→ I don't know when I should do it. (간접의문; know의 목적어)

→ I don't know when to do it. (부정사구; 명사적 용법)

◇ think, believe, imagine, suppose 등의 동사 다음에 직접의문문을 연결

할 때에는 의문부사를 문두로 도치.

* Do you think + Where does he lives?

→ Do you think where he lives? (×)

→ Where do you think he lives? (○)

10. 관계부사

 관계부사의 종류 : 「 접속사 + 부사 」의 역할을 한다.
 

   This is the house.  He lives in the house.  (두 개의 단문)
  → This is the house and he lives there.     (한 개의 중문)
  → This is the house where he lives.           (한 개의 복문) 

          (a) 한정적(제한적) 용법 : 선행사를 수식한다.

         * where, when, how, why 등은 부사 + 접속사의 역할을 하며 전치사 +

which로 바꿀 수가 있다.

1)시간(when)

I know the time. + My father is going to arrive at that time.

--> I know the time at which my father is going to arrive.

--> I know the time when my father is going to arrive.

He told me the time when he had come. (= at which)


2) 장소(where)

This is the village + I was born in it

--> This is the village in which I was born.

--> This is the village where I was born.


* This is the place + He was born in it.

→ This is the place which he was born in. (형용사절)

→ This is the place in which he was born.

→ This is the place where he was born.

→ This is the place that he was born. (where의 대용)

→ This is where he was born.

(주격보어; where의 명사절,선행사 the place 생략)  

I know the place where he stays. (= in which)


3) 이유(why)

That was the reason + He failed for it.

--> That was for which he failed.

--> That was the reason why he failed.

That was the reason why he had left. (= for which)


4) 방법(how) -선행사 the way 또는 관계부사 how

둘 중에서 하나만 쓴다.

This is the way. + I solved the problem in it.

--> This is the way in which I solved the problem.

--> This is how I solved the problem. 

This is the way he has succeeded. (= in which, how 불가)


(b) 계속적 용법 : when 과 where 만이 계속적 용법이 있다.
       
   ∼, where ⇒ ∼, and there .. (그리고 거기에서...)

   ∼, when ⇒ ∼, and then ... (그리고 그때...)  

            ① He went to Pusan, where he stayed for a week. (= and there)

            ② We arrived there on Monday, when it was very cold. (= and then)

           (c) 선행사 생략 : 선행사를 생략할 수 있다.

            ① Tell me (the time) when he will come here.

            ② I don't know (the place) where he lives.

            ③ That is (the reason) why he was absent.

            ④ I want to know (the way) how you study English.

          ※ 단, 특정한 장소, 때를 나타내는 선행사는 생략 불가

                This is the pond where I used to swim. (생략 불가)

           (d) 관계부사의 생략 : 관계부사를 생략할 수 있다.

            ① Can you tell me the time (when) he will arrive ?

            ② I wonder the reason (why) she likes him so much.

          ※  the times when / the cases where 생략 불가

                 There are times when the rich feel lonesome. (생략 불가)

            (e) 관계부사 that : 한정적 용법에서 관계부사 대신에 쓴다.

                I remember the day that my father died. (= when)

            (f) 복합 관계부사 : 양보의 부사절을 이끈다.

            {관계부사[when,where,how]+ever의 형태인

            whenever(시간), wherever(장소), however(방법)등을 말하며,

            자체 내에 선행사를 포함하여, 부사절을 유도함.

             1. 양보 부사절

              whenever : 언제 ~할지라도 = no matter when

              wherever : 어디에 ~할지라도 = no matter where

              however : 아무리 ~일지라도 = no matter how

              Whenever you may come, you will be welcomed.

              Wherever she may leave, I will follow her.

              However cold it may be, I must go for a walk.

              = No matter how cold it may be, I must go for a walk.

             2. 시간 부사절

             Whenever : ~할 때는 언제나 = every time = at any time when

              Let me know whenever you go. =at any time when

             3. 장소 부사절

             Wherever : ~하는 곳은 어디든지(=at, to, in)any place where

             I will follow him wherever my father.